Nahuatl - The Lingua Franca of the Aztec Empire

Nà ¡huatl (pronounced NAH-wah-tuhl) was the language spoken by the people of the Aztec Empire, known as the Aztec or Mexica. Although the spoken and written form of the language has substantively changed from the prehispanic classical form, Nahuatl has persevered for half a millennium. It is still spoken today by approximately 1.5 million people, or 1.7% of the total population of Mexico, many of whom call their language Mexicano (Meh-shee-KAH-noh). Key Takeaways: Nahuatl Nahuatl is the spoken language of the Aztec empire, as well as by their modern descendants.  The language is part of the Uto-Aztecan family and originated in the upper Sonoran region of Mexico.  The word Nahuatl means good sounds.  Nahuatl speakers reached central Mexico circa 400–500 CE, and by the 16th century, Nahuatl was the lingua franca for all of Mesoamerica.   The word Nahuatl is itself one of several words that mean to one extent or another good sounds, an example of encoded meaning that is central to the Nahuatl language. Mapmaker, priest, and leading Enlightenment intellectual of New Spain Josà © Antonio Alzate [1737–1799] was an important advocate for the language. Although his arguments failed to gain support, Alzate vigorously objected to Linnaeuss use of Greek words for New World botanical classifications, arguing that Nahuatl names were uniquely useful because they encoded a storehouse of knowledge that could be applied to the scientific project. Nà ¡huatls Origins Nà ¡huatl is part of the Uto-Aztecan family, one of the largest of the Native American language families. The Uto-Aztecan or Uto-Nahuan family includes many North American languages such as Comanche, Shoshone, Paiute, Tarahumara, Cora, and Huichol. The Uto-Aztecan main language diffused out of the Great Basin, moving where the Nahuatl language probably originated, in the upper Sonoran region of what is now New Mexico and Arizona and the lower Sonoran area in Mexico. Nahuatl speakers are first believed to have reached the Central Mexican highlands sometime around 400/500 CE, but they came in several waves and settled among different groups such as Otomangean and Tarascan speakers. According to historical and archaeological sources, the Mexica were among the last of the Nà ¡huatl speakers to migrate from their homeland in the north. Nà ¡huatl Distribution With the founding of their capital at Tenochtitlan, and the growth of the Aztec/Mexica empire in the 15th and 16th centuries, Nà ¡huatl spread all over Mesoamerica. This language became a lingua franca spoken by merchants, soldiers, and diplomats, over an area including what is today northern Mexico to Costa Rica, as well as parts of Lower Central America. Legal steps that reinforced its  lingua franca  status included the decision by King  Philip II  (ruled 1556–1593) in 1570 to make Nahuatl the linguistic medium for clerics to use in religious conversion and for the training of ecclesiastics working with the native people in different regions. Members of the nobility from other ethnic groups, including Spaniards, used spoken and written Nahuatl to facilitate communication throughout New Spain. Sources for Classical Nahuatl Ilustration of the New Fire Ritual, pages from Bernardino de Sahagun, Florentine Codex, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espana in Spanish and Nahuatl, facsimile of the 16th century document. DEA PICTURE LIBRARY / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images Plus The most extensive source on Nà ¡huatl language is the book written in the mid-16th century by friar Bernardino de Sahagà ºn (1500–1590) called the Historia General de la Nueva Espaà ±a, which is included in the Florentine Codex. For its 12 books, Sahagà ºn and his assistants collected what is essentially an encyclopedia of the language and culture of the Aztec/Mexica. This text contains parts written both in Spanish and Nà ¡huatl transliterated into the Roman alphabet. Another important document is the Codex Mendoza, commissioned by King Charles I of Spain (1500–1558), which combined the history of the Aztec conquests, the amount and types of tributes paid to the Aztecs by geographical province, and an account of Aztec daily life, beginning in 1541. This document was written by skilled native scribes and overseen by Spanish clerics, who added glosses in both Nahuatl and Spanish. Saving the Endangered Nahuatl Language After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the use of Nahuatl as an official medium for documentation and communication disappeared. Intellectual elites in Mexico engaged in the creation of a new national identity, seeing the indigenous past as an obstacle to the modernization and progress of Mexican society. Over time, Nahua communities became more and more isolated from the rest of Mexican society, suffering what researchers Justyna Okol and John Sullivan refer to as a political dislocation arising from the lack of prestige and power, and a closely-related cultural dislocation, resulting from modernization and globalization. Olko and Sullivan (2014) report that although prolonged contact with Spanish has resulted in changes in word morphology and syntax, in many places there persist close continuities between the past and present forms of Nahuatl. The Instituto de Docencia e Investigacià ³n Etnolà ³gica de Zacatecas (IDIEZ) is one group working together with Nahua speakers to continue practicing and developing their language and culture, training the Nahua speakers to teach Nahuatl to others and to actively collaborate with international academics in research projects. A similar project is underway (described by Carlos Sandoval Arenas 2017) at the Intercultural University of Veracruz. Nà ¡huatl Legacy There is today a wide variation in the language, both linguistically and culturally, that can be attributed in part to the successive waves of Nahuatl speakers who arrived in the valley of Mexico so long ago. There are three major dialects of the group known as Nahua. The group in power in the Valley of Mexico at the time of contact was the Aztecs, who called their language Nahuatl. To the west of the Valley of Mexico, the speakers called their language Nahual; and dispersed around those two clusters was a third who called their language Nahuat. This last group included the Pipil ethnic group who eventually migrated to El Salvador. Many contemporary place names in Mexico and Central America are the result of a Spanish transliteration of their Nà ¡huatl names, such as Mexico and Guatemala. And many Nahuatl words have passed into the English dictionary through Spanish, such as coyote, chocolate, tomato, chili, cacao, avocado and many others. What does Nahuatl Sound Like? Linguists can define the original sounds of classical Nahuatl in part because the Aztec/Mexica used a glyphic writing system based on Nahuatl that contained some phonetic elements, and the Spanish ecclesiastics matched the Roman phonetic alphabet to the good sounds they heard from the locals. The earliest extant Nahuatl-Roman alphabets are from the Cuernavaca region and date to the late 1530s or early 1540s; they were probably written by various indigenous individuals and compiled by a Franciscan friar. In her 2014 book Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory, archaeologist and linguist Frances Berdan provided a pronunciation guide to classical Nahuatl, only a small taste of which is listed here. Berdan reports that in classical Nahuatl the main stress or emphasis in a given word is almost always on the next-to-last syllable. There are four main vowels in the language: a as in the English word palm, e as in bet, i as in see, and o as in so. Most consonants in Nahuatl are the same as those used in English or Spanish, but the tl sound is not quite tuhl, it is more of a glottal t with a little puff of breath for the l. Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Sources Berdan, Frances F. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.  Garcà ­a-Mencà ­a, Rafael, Aurelio Là ³pez-Là ³pez, and Angà ©lica Muà ±oz Melà ©ndez. An Audio-Lexicon Spanish-Nahuatl: Using Technology to Promote and Disseminate a Native Mexican Language. Call Communities and Culture—Short Papers from Eurocall 2016. Eds. Bradley, L. and S. Thouà «sny. Research-publishing.net, 2016. 155–59.  Mundy, Barbara E. Place-Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistory 61.2 (2014): 329–55.  Olko, Justyna, and John Sullivan. Toward a Comprehensive Model for Nahuatl Language Research and Revitalization. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 40 (2014): 369–97.  Sandoval Arenas, Carlos O. Displacement and Revitalization of the Nahuatl Language in the High Mountains of Veracruz, Mexico. Arts and Humanities in Higher Education 16.1 (2017): 66–81.

The Fatherhood Movement Essay - 5325 Words

Throughout the United States, more than one-third of children dont live with their biological fathers, and about 17 million of those children dont live with any father at all. Of those, roughly 40 percent havent seen their fathers in the last year. The over 500 Fathers Rights organizations are trying in a variety of ways to change these statistics because they believe that fathers are necessary to the intellectual, psychological and emotional well- being of all children. quot;Family valuesquot; groups encourage long lasting stable, marriages and tough divorce laws to increase the number of two- parent households. Some organizations focus on reasonable child support and visitation, as well as creative joint custody arrangements to†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The 1980s saw the emergence of a new and powerful father hood movement, focused on discrimination in divorce laws and unfair child support orders. 1986, The National Convention for Men, an umbrella group for 36 organizations representing roughly 6,000 men, centered their attention of the issues of child support and custody rights. The men were outraged by the gender bias men suffer in courts, with 87 to 90 percent of divorce cases giving sole custody to the mother with our without visitation for the father . They emphasized that the feminist movement had changed parenting roles and equalized parental involvement, and demanded that custody laws be changed to reflect this. The president of the NCM, Peter Cyr, urged the men to fight against isolation and alienation from their children. In 51 percent of sole- custody arrangements, the children saw their father less than once a year, according to the Commission on Child and Family Welfare. The NCM supported joint custody, which was a key issue of fledgling Fathers Rights movement and is still central plank of the fathers rights platform today. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; In the late 1980s and early 1990s, criticism of single mothers began to mount. The number of two parent families dropped over 11 percent from 1970 to 1980 and continued to drop into the 90s. Between 1969 and 1992, the percent of AFDC cases involving children born to unwed mothers grew by over 20 percentage points,Show MoreRelatedWomen s Faced Ridiculous Discrimination909 Words   |  4 Pagessignificantly less than women without children with the same characteristics as them – referred to as the motherhood penalty. 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Lately, however, fathers are starting to care more about their childrens best interests, and are begining to fight against the sterotypes society has dealt

Social Responsibility free essay sample

Social Responsibility Phoenix Student ETHB16 social Responslblllty Paper According to Cambridge Dlctlonarles online (20131 social responslblllty Is the practice of producing goods and services In d way that Is not harmful to society or the environment. [If the previous statement is a direct quote, be sure to indicate the entire quoted statement in quotation marks and include either the page or paragraph number from the source] Two examples of social responsibility efforts or actions that will be the topics ot dlscusslon are the Patient Protectlon and Attordable care Act (Obamacare), and the Goodwill Ambassadors of Mlaml Dade. The Obamacare act permits flexibility and stability to Americans so that they receive the best health care available. Goodwill Ambassadors provide a vital service to communities throughout Miami Dade County. Good preview of the main points. The Obamacare act will guarantee that all Americans have access to quality health care that Is affordable, Patients with pre-exlstlng condltlons wlll receive assistance wlth this legislation. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Responsibility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This act will also Increase Innovation in the health care workforce that will require more health care workers and extensive training for staff to ensure that the best medical treatment is provided. Ensuring Medicare sustainability is another important factor within the Obamacare act. An advisory board composed of 15 people is in place to submit proposals to Congress to reduce costs for beneficiaries atter family members no longer receive care trom hospice centers, nursing homes, hospitals. The Goodwill ambassadors of Mlaml Dade are known for their socially responsible actions throughout South Florida. This group formed as a way to help local law enforcement agencies deal with the challenges of large crowds. The group consists of approximately 200 volunteers who are all employees of various epartments of Miami Dade County Training on how to handle large crowds, customer service. and crisis management are provided to the goodwill ambassadors prior to each event. The American Diabetes walk (201 3), annual parades, and Memorial Day/Urban Beach Week are events that goodwill ambassadors have assisted with. Double-space throughout. After examining both the efforts of both the Obamacare act, and the goodwill ambassadors, it is easy to understand the impact each have on Society. The Obamacare Act will attect most Americans because many people that either have no Insurance or pay expensive premiums will be able to receive the best health care at Advocacy (2013), The goodwill ambassadors willingness to make a difference, by helping guests to our area deal with the special circumstances of an event, despite the culture and personal experiences that may differ from their own, sets these volunteers apart from the traditional manner by which Miami-Dade County chooses to deliver excellent customer service. Nice wrapup/summary remember to use block formatting for direct quotes of 40 or more words. An alternative is to araphrase or summarize the author which allows you to integrate the information into a normal paragraph and it adds originality. ] References Cambridge dictionaries online. (2013). Retrieved from http:// dictionary. cambridge. rg/us/ dictionary/business-english/social-responsibility Democratic policy committee. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. dpc . senate. gov/ healthreformbill /healthbi1104. pdf Miami dade: office of community advocacy. (2013). Retrieved from http:// www. miamidade. gov/ advocacy/goodwill-ambassadors. asp Check reference page formatting requirements. You must double-space throughout the reference page as well.

Belonging the Crucible.Hotel California Essay Example For Students

Belonging: the Crucible.Hotel California Essay The whole song relates to an unwillingness to belong and a yearning to leave. As well as the unwillingness to leave, the mood of the song is isolated and this pertains to not belonging, which relates to the feelings of Tuba in the crucible. Tuba is out of place due to her difference in race and culture. Like in the song, she has no choice as to whether she leaves and is given virtually no rights, as a black woman slave. Related text 2: Visual text- painting 1977 by Peter Booth, Booth paints self-portraits built tromp his deep inner most personal thoughts and feelings. He uses thick brushstrokes and dark desolate colors to provoke negative emotions in his audience. A painting tot isolation, alienation, displacement and estrangement, This painting brings about a sense of not belonging in the audience through the expression on the mans face, the color scheme and his body language. His expression emotes sadness through his blank stare. He looks out of place and unhappy about it. The desolate color scheme suggests mayhem and busyness. The colors red, orange and black representative of anger, displacement and isolation and prevalent over the painting. The stance of the man (hands in his pockets) guests he is uncomfortable where he is, creating a feeling of not belonging.

I, Robot Review Essay Example

I, Robot Review Paper Essay on I, Robot After reading this collection of short stories in early childhood name Isaac Asimov will forever be associated with the robots, though to be precise the word robot came up with is not it and Karel Capek. In order to break all the laws of the robot is sufficient to break the first law, since the second and the third is based on the first. Based on Asimovs three laws of built dozens of stories. Although based suzhetny lines are robots and spaceships, the masters works are devoted primarily to people. They as well as the concept of good and evil has not changed in the world of the future Based on them was written the first story, Robbie and follow that vposledstii and made danyj collection.. The author raises many questions concerning the functioning of the robot, which can be a problem when the robot insubordination, contrary to logic, Laws of Robotics, the relationship between man and robot. Opening a book for the first time are now sophisticated reader spoiled the flow of modern fantasy, can treat it with skepticism, they say uninteresting. The authors writing style is leisurely, focused on thorough thoughtful reading. This requires not entertaining reading! And the cycle of base of writing the author of a much later only confirms this. We will write a custom essay sample on I, Robot Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on I, Robot Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on I, Robot Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An amazing insight, foresight writer admires .. I used to when I watch on TV or read the news in the world of technology, weapons, new items and rocket catch myself thought that something like this has been, Ill know it! Here is a quote from the story, Robbie writing in 1940 (approx. a future legend of the world of science fiction then was only 20 years old.) of course, it did not come. It all happened in 1998. By 2002, we invented the mobile robot speaker, and nonverbal model obsolete. But the modern news -. The staff of the Japanese city of Ikeda Hospital enrolled the first talking robots (28 June 2004 g.) in the short story Liar (1941). The robot has the ability to read peoples minds So, in the United States it has long been under development kibershlema who can read minds in the longer term on the basis of such technologies is planned to create a weapon control systems using the power of thought. So with the modern development of cybernetics and robotics Asimovs writings remain relevant despite having run decades. For many years, many thousands of science fiction writing thousands of authors. But where are they now? And the book Isaac Azimava both fantastic and scientific-journalistic interesting and informative. Everyone, regardless of whether 15 years of thy or 45 will find that reading for fun and for the development of horizons This has striking merit of the author -. His works do not become obsolete And now! 2009 open the volume Worlds of Isaac Asimov and before your eyes limitless galaxy, the death and the collapse of the great empires, travel to distant stars, worlds I, Robot Review Essay Example I, Robot Review Paper Essay on I, Robot 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey all orders, which gives a person, except where such orders conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own security, to the extent that it does not conflict with the First or Second Law. If Karel Capek gave the name of artificial life (?), The Isaac Asimov formed an ethical code programmed modus vivendi expressed in three laws of robotics. And, as a diligent researcher, I started immediately to test the strength of the laws. The stories included in the collection I, Robot, were written at different times, but eventually merged into one book. We will write a custom essay sample on I, Robot Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on I, Robot Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on I, Robot Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So, the company U.S. Robots, a monopoly in the robotics market, is 75 years old. Unnamed journalist meets with Susan Calvin the world famous robopsihologom, member of the Board of U.S. Robots. She also turns 75. Almost all her life associated with robots, in her eyes, the progress of mankind has changed its course and lunged forward. The journalist asks her to tell a few stories that could serve as material for an interesting article. First she recalls Robbie (RB) nanny robot Conversations with Dr. Calvin, as you know is the relationship between pauzozapolnitelyami stories that help to combine them all into one world. Just a collection of 9 short stories: Robbie, Runaround, Logic, How to catch a rabbit, ! Liar, Little Lost Robot, Out of position, Clues, Solubility of contradiction. Unfortunately, in my edition no Soluble contradiction and way out All of these stories -. Great thought experiments on the three laws of robotics. Each of them an unusual situation in which the robot should be clearly laid down in his logic, and therefore, the situation becomes even more unusual A few stands out from this definition opens the collection of short stories, Robbie, which was written before the others. and which is more sentimental than the experimental. Robbie a robot nurse who loves to listen to stories. One of the first models. Tall metal giant, who did not even speak, but who doted in their ward eight Gloria, performing all her whims with one condition to be a fairy tale. (His favorite, by the way, Cinderella). Glorias mother, more and more worried in case the relationship of this kind: Gloria does not play with other children, is not asking for a gift to the animals, and neighbors once unkindly glance at his mother Gloria. Horror. Horror. Horror. It is necessary to change something, because what the neighbors think. Gloria mother hard podolbiv brains husband, Robbie achieves sending back to the factory. The little girl can not forget the robot and starts to put every effort to find him. Touching and cute story, dedicated, on the one hand, the deep affect ion to their children toys, childrens imagination and the power of love the ability to breathe life into what life there is on adult opinion. On the other hand a great story on the theme of xenophobia. What some do not accept outsiders, clear external differences that do not understand, and as a consequence suffer a nervous fear. And a child who is in the childrens mediocrity has no general any idiotic analytical reasoning. Ah, it seems that children civilization would be so beautiful. But, unfortunately, they become adults The following three stories -. Runaround, Logic, How to catch a rabbit I liked the most. The combined figures of two robotic testers Gregory Powell and Mike Donovan. Their iznervnichaschihsya and diseases that fill up the space station, the asteroid, then on another planet in the company last Modolo robots. They need to check that everything is going as it should. And all is not as it should every time. That will send a robot to get fuel for energy batteries, the drunk in the insole. The other will be deeply religious, proving logical way that generator Lord, who created all things for His service. And Adam called the Prophet himself. Then the robot will develop a kind of nervous tic. In general, these three stories robots behave like Bender from Futurama, which hitched to his forehead magnetic badge. And all this without leaving the scope of logic contained in them. Brilliant stories that make joyful laugh out loud. Liar! a wonderful story about a robot that is able to read thoughts. In his trap, which turned out to snare people living emotions and not reason, were the leaders of U.S.Robots. It seemed to me the most amusing dissection of the first law Little Lost Robot. Fuck you So I did not see you anymore. Say a robot then give very strict orders. Thats gone very expensive and right robot for hysteria of physics. However, where it is approximately known. Came cargo 62 robot. Now they are 63. So how do you find the most? Not a needle in a haystack, but the search for identity, where identity can not be determined. The story Evidence I also liked very much. Byerly young lawyer involved in the local elections. His opponents will do anything to denigrate a competitor. For example, said that he a robot. (A robot, by the way, may not be used on Earth.) The very same Byerly clearly in no hurry to prove or disprove the accusations unequivocally. Still a PR. Elections are not of national importance, and after them the whole world. As rightly says Dr. Calvin involved in the investigation, Beyrle a robot, or a very good man. After all, in principle, the laws of robotics are no different from the basis of any ethical system of people. First of all, deeply decent robots Calvin answer to the question about the difference between humans and artificial form I love the story as a form.. And while reading this collection, again praised it highly. Asimov, and gave us the building blocks of his works does not paint thoroughly (or more fully), the world of the near future (event stories occur within the first century of the 21st century). But thanks to them, we can fantasize, to conjecture, to finish building, to reflect on the overall picture of the world. Why robots forbidden to work in the world? How should the impact on the psychology of colonization of new planets? Robot: life or not? Emotions or mind? In general, strongly recommend this collection. P.S. However, especially anachronistic touches. So the scientists of the future, creating robots are logorifmicheskimi rulers build robots on the tube circuits, and strikes the imagination must compute, which are now under the power of the calculators school Read the authors collection of short stories by Isaac Asimov:.

What Effects the Bounce of a Dropped Ball Essay Example

What Effects the Bounce of a Dropped Ball Essay Example What Effects the Bounce of a Dropped Ball Essay What Effects the Bounce of a Dropped Ball Essay Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the efficiency of a bouncing ball, and the factors which affect its efficiency. Hypothesis If I increase the height from which a ball is dropped, then the bounce height will increase because it will increase the speed and create a larger impact, causing the ball to bounce higher then dropping it from a lower height. Materials 1. High bounce ball 2. Measuring tape 3. Tape 4. Wall Risk Assessment H- Cutting yourself with the measuring tape C- Handle with care and ensure that it is locked Method 1. Hold the measuring tape with the 0 centimeter end on the floor. Then tape the measuring tape to a wall. 2. Hold the bottom of the high bounce ball in place with the 100 centimeter mark on the measuring tape. 3. Drop the ball and determine the total bounce height of the ball, which would be the distance from the surface to the bottom of the ball at the top of its bounce. . Continue till you have data for 3 tests. 5. Repeat steps 2-5 for drop heights 80 cm 60 cm 40 cm 6. Average all the data. Variables Independent variable = drop height Dependent variable = bounce height Controlled variables = ball, surface, measuring tool Data Table Height a Ball Bounced From Different Drop Heights DROP HEIGHT (CM) TEST 1TEST 2TEST 3AVERAGE 10050495150 8038394039 6031293030 4022202120 Graph

Issues in crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Issues in crime - Essay Example They are directly not involved in the unscrupulous activity. (1) At this point, it also needs to be specifically highlighted that even employees are immensely benefited by corporate crimes, for their jobs are safeguarded along with getting promotions. To put the matter in a nutshell, the very livelihood of the employees becomes dependent on them being active participants in acts of corporate crime. (1) The motives for carrying out these acts (of corporate crime) vary from one case to the other. Yet, it has been seen that the following three are the primary objectives propelling all corporate crimes: A) To bring about both a rise in profits and also a drop in costs. B) To enable a rise in demand as well as a decline in competition. C) To exercise strong control over workers, markets and supplies. (1) Factors abetting corporate crimes It can conveniently be maintained that corporate crimes started to exist from the same time when commercial organizations first began their operations. I n the contemporary era, there has been a surge in instances of corporate crime, and there indeed are highly valid reasons behind that. The various features of a typical corporate organization have now become more complex than ever, and the conventional systems of internal control are now obsolete. Additionally, the rapid growth in information technology has ensured that the power now wielded by the corporate is without a precedent. This is so much so that the modern-day corporate organizations are making sure that they are in total control of their governance. (2) The biggest factor to which the growth in corporate crimes is attributable is inadequate corporate governance. Corporate governance encompasses various policies, procedures and laws, etc, which endeavor to make sure that persons employed in an organization are made accountable. As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, they (corporate organizations) are now fully empowered to govern themselves, with the related laws being n ot so stringent. This is more so when the corresponding scenario of the past is taken into consideration. As has been stated earlier, the existing systems are being rendered powerless in ensuring accountability of corporate organizations. In addition, since the recent past, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of commercial transactions of corporate organizations. This has made things even more difficult for the prevalent laws in preventing the crimes (corporate). Last but in no way the least, the lengthy formal procedures pertaining to the governance have just further compounded the issue. This is in the sense that, they (procedures) have transformed the scenario as being more conducive for carrying out corporate crimes. (2) Various surveys that have been carried out in the recent past point out to a highly disturbing fact. A substantial chunk of corporate crimes of the present-day era are those that have been perpetrated by the managements of huge business houses. At this juncture, it also has to be noted that the losses resulting from such acts are very huge, and thus exerting an adverse impact on the economy. (2) Seriousness of corporate crimes Corporate crime is more serious an issue that what it is actually considered to be, by many people. In this context, it needs to be